Economics: Beyond Supply and Demand

Сөптөөх хоруйдар көрдөрүллүбэттэр — оонньоотоххуна, сонун буолуохтара.

1. 1-с ыйытык

   A Giffen good is one whose quantity demanded does what as its price rises?

   • Increases
   • Falls sharply
   • Stays exactly the same
   • Becomes perfectly elastic

2. 2-с ыйытык

   Which theory states that rational consumers spend based on expected lifetime income rather than current income?

   • Keynesian consumption function
   • Permanent income hypothesis
   • Ricardian equivalence
   • Say's law

3. 3-с ыйытык

   The 'impossible trinity' says a country cannot simultaneously have a fixed exchange rate, free capital movement and what?

   • A balanced budget
   • Low inflation
   • An independent monetary policy
   • Full employment

4. 4-с ыйытык

   What does the Phillips curve originally describe?

   • Tax rates versus tax revenue
   • Income versus environmental damage
   • Interest rates versus investment
   • Unemployment versus wage inflation

5. 5-с ыйытык

   In game theory, a Nash equilibrium is reached when:

   • No player can gain by changing strategy alone
   • All players maximise joint payoff
   • One player dominates all others
   • Every outcome is Pareto efficient

6. 6-с ыйытык

   A Gini coefficient of 0 indicates:

   • Perfect inequality
   • No economic growth
   • Perfect equality of income
   • Zero inflation

7. 7-с ыйытык

   Which economist coined the term 'creative destruction'?

   • John Maynard Keynes
   • Joseph Schumpeter
   • Friedrich Hayek
   • Alfred Marshall

8. 8-с ыйытык

   A liquidity trap occurs when monetary policy fails because:

   • Inflation is too high
   • Banks hold too little reserve
   • Exchange rates are fixed
   • Interest rates are near zero and people hoard cash